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Gniezno, a historically significant city in the Wielkopolskie region of Poland, occupies a geographically strategic position within the North European Plain. Situated at approximately 52.5° N, 17.6° E, its coordinates place it within a gently undulating landscape characterized by loess deposits, resulting in fertile agricultural land. The city’s terrain is relatively flat, with an average elevation of around 115 meters above sea level, which can contribute to localized air quality challenges, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. Gniezno lies near the Warta River, though the river’s influence on the immediate urban environment is limited; it flows several kilometers to the east. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of fields and pastures, interspersed with smaller woodlands and villages. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices, including livestock farming and fertilizer use, can introduce ammonia and particulate matter into the air. To the west, the urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with smaller settlements and agricultural land dominating. Further east, the landscape gradually merges with larger industrial zones associated with Poznań, Poland’s sixth-largest city, potentially impacting Gniezno’s air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The city’s location within a temperate climate zone, experiencing distinct seasons, further influences atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion patterns. The relatively low elevation and flat terrain, combined with agricultural activity and proximity to larger industrial areas, create a complex interplay of factors affecting Gniezno’s air quality.

Gniezno’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often present the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the issue by reducing atmospheric mixing. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, agricultural activities, such as the spreading of fertilizers and the initial stages of plowing, can contribute to ammonia emissions and dust. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent rainfall, and consistent winds promoting pollutant dispersion. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and elevated ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can contribute to localized smoke pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or stagnant air. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural emissions, while summer heatwaves necessitate precautions against ozone exposure. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year. The interplay of temperature, wind, precipitation, and agricultural practices shapes Gniezno’s air quality profile across the seasons.