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Kalisz, situated in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship of Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s historical heartland. The city lies on the Prosna River, a tributary of the Warta, and is characterised by relatively flat terrain typical of the Wielkopolska Plain. This low-lying landscape, with an average elevation around 95 meters above sea level, influences air dispersion patterns, often limiting pollutant flushing. Historically, Kalisz developed as a trade hub, benefitting from its location on important routes. Today, it’s surrounded by a predominantly agricultural landscape, with extensive arable land dedicated to crop cultivation. To the north and east, the terrain becomes slightly more undulating, transitioning towards forested areas. While not heavily industrialised compared to other Polish cities, Kalisz does possess pockets of industrial activity, particularly related to food processing and manufacturing, contributing to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with farmland immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means agricultural practices, including seasonal burning of crop residue, can significantly impact local air quality, especially during harvest seasons. The riverine environment, while aesthetically pleasing, can also trap pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability, exacerbating air quality concerns. The city’s position within a broader regional network means it’s also susceptible to transboundary pollution from neighbouring areas.

Kalisz experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter (December-February) typically sees the poorest air quality, driven by increased reliance on coal and wood for heating, coupled with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Calm, stable conditions prevent dispersion, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural burning begins, introducing temporary spikes in pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. As temperatures fall, heating resumes, and the risk of stagnant air increases. October and November often see a return to poorer conditions, mirroring the winter pattern. Fog, common in autumn and winter, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of agricultural burning. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the east or south-east often carry pollutants from nearby agricultural areas. Avoiding peak hours near busy roads is also advisable.