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Otopeni, situated in Ilfov County, Romania, occupies a pivotal position within the Bucharest metropolitan area, effectively functioning as the capital’s primary airport city. Geographically, the terrain is characteristic of the Romanian Plain, a gently undulating landscape with an average elevation around 86 meters. This relatively flat topography, while facilitating development, can contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The city’s location is approximately 11km north of Bucharest’s city centre, placing it within a rapidly urbanising corridor. Surrounding Otopeni are extensive agricultural lands, primarily arable fields, interspersed with smaller woodlands. The proximity to Henri Coandă International Airport is a dominant feature, introducing a unique source of localised emissions. While no major rivers directly traverse Otopeni, the Pasărea River flows nearby, influencing local humidity. The urban-rural gradient is steep, transitioning quickly from denser residential and commercial areas around the airport to open farmland. This proximity to both a major transport hub and agricultural activity creates a complex interplay of pollution sources, impacting local air quality. Industrial activity is concentrated in the broader Bucharest area, with prevailing winds often carrying pollutants towards Otopeni.

Otopeni’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, fostering temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbated by increased residential heating using solid fuels. Calm winds further limit dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including burning of crop residue, can temporarily degrade air quality in April and May. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) witnesses a deterioration as heating demand begins to rise again, coupled with the potential for stagnant air masses. October and November are often marked by increased particulate matter from agricultural practices and the onset of winter heating. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring forecasts and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial for maintaining health.