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Zabaykalsk, nestled in the Zabaykal’skiy Kray of Russia, occupies a geographically significant position at the confluence of the Shilka and Argun rivers, marking a crucial point on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Its coordinates (49.6514, 117.3269) place it within a landscape dominated by the Sayan Mountains and the vast expanse of the Mongolian Plateau. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, with an elevation of approximately 730 meters above sea level, contributing to potential temperature inversions, a key factor influencing air quality. Zabaykalsk’s location on the edge of the Selenga River basin, a major tributary of Lake Baikal, introduces a complex hydrological dynamic. While the rivers themselves offer some degree of natural air cleansing, the surrounding landscape is a mix of taiga forest and steppe grasslands, interspersed with agricultural lands. Historically, the region has been a hub for timber extraction and, more recently, mining activities, particularly coal, which contribute to localized pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Zabaykalsk is surrounded by sparsely populated rural areas, meaning that industrial emissions are not diluted by a large metropolitan area. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Mongolian Plateau, can transport pollutants across considerable distances, impacting air quality beyond the city limits. The city’s railway importance also means a constant flow of freight and passenger trains, adding to particulate matter in the air.

Zabaykalsk’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its harsh continental climate. Winters, lasting from November to March, are characterized by prolonged periods of cold, calm weather and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a noticeable increase in particulate matter and potentially other emissions from residential heating (often coal-based) and limited industrial activity. Fog, common during these months, exacerbates the problem by further reducing atmospheric dispersion. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual warming and increased wind speeds, which help to clear the air, though dust storms from the surrounding steppe can temporarily degrade air quality. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with more frequent rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to cooler temperatures and calmer conditions, with a gradual increase in pollution levels as heating demand rises. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity. During spring dust storm events, wearing a mask is advisable. While summer typically provides cleaner air, heatwaves warrant similar precautions. The transition months of autumn and spring are periods of heightened risk, requiring vigilance and awareness of local conditions. The lack of consistent meteorological data specific to Zabaykalsk makes precise predictions challenging, but the general pattern of winter stagnation and summer dispersion holds true.