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Koungheul, situated in the Kaffrine region of Senegal, occupies a relatively flat landscape characteristic of the Sine-Saloum delta. Located at approximately 13.97°N latitude and 14.81°W longitude, the city’s elevation is minimal, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding terrain is primarily savannah grassland, interspersed with acacia trees and seasonally flooded plains. Koungheul isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the broader influence of the delta’s complex network of *bolons* (tidal creeks) and *marshes*. The urban character is defined by a transition from a traditional rural settlement to a growing regional centre, spurred by its position along key transport routes. While not heavily industrialized, the surrounding agricultural zones, focused on millet, peanuts, and livestock, contribute to particulate matter through land preparation, harvesting, and animal husbandry. Dust from unpaved roads is a significant factor. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; as the city expands, it encroaches upon these agricultural lands, intensifying the interplay between human activity and air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the rainy season, can transport pollutants from agricultural activities towards the city centre, while drier season winds can exacerbate dust suspension.

Koungheul experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and low humidity. This period sees a peak in particulate matter pollution, largely due to dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural activities like land preparation for the next planting season. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can exacerbate dust levels, particularly in December and January. February and March are often the dustiest months, posing risks to respiratory health. The wet season, June to October, brings relief from dust, as rainfall suppresses particulate matter. However, increased humidity can foster mold growth, potentially triggering allergic reactions. While overall pollutant concentrations decrease, localized pollution from biomass burning for cooking and agricultural residue disposal can become noticeable. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can experience stagnant air conditions, trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of indoor air quality during periods of high humidity.