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Malème Hodar, nestled within the Kaffrine region of Senegal (coordinates 14.0883, -15.2944), presents a compelling case study in West African urban geography and its influence on air quality. Situated approximately 150km southeast of Dakar, the city occupies a transitional zone between the fertile Senegalese River Valley and the drier Sahelian plains. The surrounding landscape is characterized by gently undulating terrain, punctuated by baobab trees and interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots – primarily millet, sorghum, and groundnuts. Malème Hodar’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The city’s urban form is a mix of traditional mud-brick architecture and more modern concrete structures, reflecting its evolving economic status. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the proximity to seasonal watercourses and groundwater resources influences local humidity and temperature patterns. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities and small villages blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Malème Hodar; however, the region’s agricultural processing activities, including groundnut oil extraction, can contribute localized emissions. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest during the wet season, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, while the dry season often sees weaker winds and increased stagnation, exacerbating air quality challenges.

Malème Hodar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate, experiencing a pronounced wet (June-October) and dry (November-May) season. The dry season, particularly from December to April, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, increasing the concentration of particulate matter and dust originating from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Temperature inversions, common during these cooler, calmer nights, trap pollutants close to the ground. The Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara, frequently impacts Malème Hodar during January and February, significantly degrading air quality with Saharan dust. The wet season brings relief, with increased rainfall washing pollutants from the atmosphere and stronger winds dispersing them. However, agricultural burning practices, often employed to clear land after the harvest (October-November), can temporarily elevate pollution levels. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, further trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust events. During the Harmattan period, wearing masks and avoiding strenuous exertion is advisable. The transition months (May and November) are often characterized by variable conditions, requiring vigilance and awareness of local weather patterns and potential agricultural burning.