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Makeni, the capital of the Northern Province of Sierra Leone, occupies a strategically important location within a gently undulating landscape. Situated at approximately 8.8817° N, -12.0442° W, the city rests at an elevation of roughly 150 meters (492 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate compared to coastal regions. The surrounding terrain is characterized by a mix of agricultural land, primarily focused on cassava, maize, and rice cultivation, and interspersed with pockets of woodland and savanna. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during burning seasons. Makeni’s position within the Northern Province places it at the heart of a significant rural-urban gradient; smaller villages and farming communities radiate outwards, influencing land use patterns and transportation flows. The city itself exhibits a developing urban character, with a mix of traditional housing and increasingly modern construction. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Makeni benefits from seasonal streams and rainwater harvesting, impacting local humidity levels. The absence of large-scale industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor for air pollution, however, the increasing use of charcoal for cooking and small-scale businesses, coupled with vehicular traffic, presents localized challenges. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the wet season, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though topography can create localized areas of stagnation. The overall landscape contributes to a complex interplay of factors influencing air quality, demanding careful monitoring and mitigation strategies.

Makeni’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November to April, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; farmers frequently employ controlled burns to clear land for planting, releasing significant quantities of smoke and soot into the atmosphere. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to persist. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief through frequent rainfall, which effectively washes away particulate matter and reduces overall pollution levels. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to increased humidity and the release of mold spores, potentially affecting respiratory health. Fog, though infrequent, can also occur during the transition months, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. During the dry season, particularly in December and January, sensitive groups such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions should limit prolonged outdoor activity, especially during the morning hours when burning activities are often most prevalent. The wet season generally offers improved air quality, but vigilance regarding mold and dampness remains important. Maintaining good ventilation in homes and avoiding exposure to flooded areas are advisable. The interplay of agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, and seasonal rainfall patterns creates a dynamic air quality profile in Makeni, requiring adaptive strategies for public health protection.