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Bardejov, nestled in eastern Slovakia within the Prešov region, occupies a unique geographical position. The city sits within the Bardejovské Vrchy mountains, a part of the Eastern Beskydy, at an elevation of approximately 260 meters. This terrain, characterised by rolling hills and forested slopes, significantly influences local air circulation. The city is situated in a valley, which can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during calm weather conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive farmland to the south and east, and dense woodland to the north and west. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the Tichý Potok river flows through the city, and larger rivers are within a reasonable distance. Historically, Bardejov’s industrial activity was limited, primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing, but increasing road traffic and domestic heating are now key contributors to air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre gives way quickly to agricultural land and then forested hills, meaning pollutant dispersion is somewhat limited by the topography. This combination of valley location, surrounding land use, and limited industrialisation creates a specific air quality profile for Bardejov.

Bardejov experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures encourage increased use of solid fuel for heating – coal and wood – releasing particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and sulphur dioxide. Frequent temperature inversions in the valley exacerbate this, trapping pollutants near ground level. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities, like field preparation and fertilisation, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to poorer conditions as heating restarts, combined with stagnant air masses. Fog, common in autumn mornings, can trap pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Spring and summer are the most favourable times for outdoor pursuits. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south and east may carry pollutants from agricultural areas.