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Humenné, nestled in eastern Slovakia within the Prešov region, occupies a unique geographical position. The city sits on the rolling plains of the Eastern Slovak Lowland, a landscape sculpted by glacial and fluvial processes. Its coordinates, 48.9306° N, 21.9122° E, place it relatively close to the Ukrainian border, influencing both cultural exchange and potential transboundary pollution events. The terrain is generally flat, with a slight elevation increase towards the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains to the north, creating a subtle orographic effect. The Laborec River meanders nearby, providing a vital water source but also potentially contributing to localised humidity and fog formation, which can trap pollutants. Historically, Humenné developed as a market town serving the surrounding agricultural lands, a character still evident today. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller manufacturing facilities and agricultural activity contributes to the local emission profile. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields and forested areas immediately surrounding the city limits. This proximity means that prevailing winds can readily transport pollutants from agricultural sources, such as ammonia from fertilizer use, into the urban area, impacting air quality. The city’s location within a basin-like structure can also exacerbate pollution episodes by limiting air circulation.

Humenné experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures create temperature inversions, trapping pollutants emitted from domestic heating – primarily wood and coal burning – near the ground. Calm wind conditions further exacerbate this issue. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities begin, introducing ammonia and particulate matter from field preparation. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and rainfall effectively washing pollutants from the air. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. As heating demand increases, pollution levels begin to rise again, often accompanied by foggy conditions that trap pollutants. October and November are particularly concerning. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring pollen counts is also crucial in spring and summer. Avoiding peak traffic hours and staying indoors during periods of high pollution are recommended preventative measures.