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Beledweyne, situated in the Hiiraan region of Somalia, occupies a critical position within a vast, semi-arid floodplain. Its coordinates (4.7360, 45.2040) place it along the Jowhar–Belet Hawa agricultural belt, a vital area for sorghum and maize cultivation. The city’s geography is dominated by the Shabelle River, which meanders through the landscape, creating fertile alluvial plains and influencing the local microclimate. Beledweyne’s terrain is generally flat, with an elevation of approximately 680 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is characterized by open grasslands, acacia woodlands, and agricultural fields, transitioning gradually into drier scrubland further afield. This urban–rural gradient means agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues after harvest, can significantly impact air quality, particularly during the dry season. The city’s growth is largely unplanned, resulting in a dense urban core with narrow streets and limited green spaces, further exacerbating localized pollution. While Beledweyne lacks significant heavy industry, the presence of smaller workshops, vehicle repair facilities, and the reliance on charcoal for cooking and heating contribute to particulate matter emissions. The flat topography and proximity to the Shabelle River also mean that seasonal flooding can temporarily worsen air quality by stirring up dust and sediment, impacting respiratory health.

Beledweyne experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and minimal rainfall. This period often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter pollution. The lack of rainfall means dust storms are more frequent, and the burning of agricultural residues after harvests becomes a common practice, releasing significant amounts of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, can also occur, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants and leading to stagnant air conditions. Conversely, the wet season, from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. The rain helps to wash pollutants from the air, leading to a temporary improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which, as mentioned previously, can resuspend dust and sediment. Fog, particularly during the transition periods between seasons, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. During the dry season, it’s advisable for vulnerable populations – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – to limit outdoor activity, especially during midday when temperatures are highest and dust levels are likely to be elevated. The wet season generally offers more favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding flood-related air quality impacts is still warranted.