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Jalalaqsi, situated in the Hiiraan region of Somalia at approximately 3.3766° N, 45.5996° E, occupies a geographically significant position within a semi-arid landscape. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the broader Shabelle River valley, though subtle undulations exist as it transitions towards the drier hinterland. Its location along the Shabelle River, a vital artery for agriculture and transportation, profoundly influences the regional ecosystem and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily sorghum, maize, and vegetables – interspersed with acacia woodlands and grazing areas. This creates a distinct urban-rural gradient, with Jalalaqsi acting as a commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. The city’s relatively small population of 11,800 suggests a largely agrarian-dependent economy, with limited heavy industry. However, the burning of agricultural waste after harvest, the use of charcoal for cooking and heating (a common practice in Somalia), and the operation of diesel-powered generators for electricity contribute to localized air pollution. The flat topography limits natural air dispersion, particularly during periods of low wind, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. The proximity to the Shabelle River also introduces the risk of dust storms, especially during the dry season, further impacting air quality. The lack of extensive infrastructure and vehicle emission controls exacerbates these challenges, making Jalalaqsi’s air quality vulnerable to human activities and climatic conditions.

Jalalaqsi experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and infrequent rainfall. This period often witnesses a marked deterioration in air quality due to the prevalence of dust storms originating from the surrounding arid plains. The lack of rainfall means minimal atmospheric cleansing, and the persistent dryness encourages the accumulation of particulate matter. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residues after harvest, contribute significantly to smoke pollution during this time. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying their impact. Conversely, the wet season, from April to October, brings relief through frequent rainfall, which naturally washes away pollutants and improves air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of mold spores, potentially affecting respiratory health. The monsoon winds, though generally beneficial for dispersing pollutants, can occasionally carry dust and smoke from distant sources. The months of February and March, coinciding with the end of the dry season and the beginning of the wet season, are often the most challenging for air quality, with a combination of dust, smoke, and stagnant air. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activity and ensuring adequate ventilation.