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Hanam, situated in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, occupies a strategically important position east of Seoul, nestled within the broader Seoul Capital Area. The city’s geography is characterised by gently rolling hills transitioning into flatter plains, a landscape shaped by the Han River which forms its northern boundary. This proximity to the Han River, a vital waterway, influences local humidity and can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. Hanam’s elevation averages around 50-100 meters above sea level, insufficient to provide significant natural dispersion of airborne contaminants. Historically an agricultural region, Hanam has undergone rapid urbanisation, becoming a satellite city to Seoul, and now features a mix of residential areas, commercial developments, and light industrial zones. This transition from rural to urban, coupled with its location downwind of Seoul’s industrial belts on prevailing westerly winds, significantly impacts its air quality. The surrounding landscape includes the forested hills of the Gwangju Mountains to the east, offering some limited natural filtration, but the overall urban-rural gradient is heavily skewed towards urbanisation. The city’s location within a major transportation corridor, with highways and rail lines converging, further exacerbates pollution levels, particularly from vehicle emissions. The dense population and concentrated development contribute to the urban heat island effect, influencing local meteorological patterns and pollutant concentration.

Hanam’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees increased particulate matter from yellow dust storms originating in the Gobi Desert, carried by prevailing westerly winds. These events, combined with local construction and agricultural burning, can lead to periods of poor air quality. Summer (June-August) brings the monsoon season, offering temporary relief through rainfall which washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone. Autumn (September-November) is generally considered the most pleasant season for air quality, with cooler temperatures and clearer skies, though occasional stagnant air masses can trap pollutants. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Cold, dry air and frequent temperature inversions, particularly during periods of high-pressure systems, trap pollutants near the ground. Reduced sunlight hinders the dispersion of smog. Sensitive individuals, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these winter months. Yellow dust events can also occur in early spring. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on days with stagnant air are crucial for protecting health. The combination of seasonal winds, temperature fluctuations, and regional pollution sources dictates Hanam’s air quality calendar.