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Munguía, nestled in the Basque Country of Spain, presents a unique geographic setting influencing its air quality. Situated at coordinates 43.3547, -2.8472, the town occupies a gently undulating terrain, part of the broader coastal plain leading to the Bay of Biscay, approximately 15 kilometers north. The landscape is characterised by a mix of green hills, small river valleys – notably those carved by tributaries of the Nervión – and patches of deciduous forest. Munguía isn’t directly adjacent to heavy industrial zones, but benefits from proximity to Bilbao’s metropolitan area, a significant economic hub with associated industrial activity. Surrounding the town are agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to small-scale farming and pasture, contributing to background biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from residential areas to open countryside. This proximity to both the coast and inland areas means Munguía experiences a complex interplay of maritime and continental air masses. The elevation, though modest, influences local wind patterns and the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The prevailing winds are generally southwesterly, carrying pollutants from the Bilbao area, but local topography can create microclimates and localised pollution hotspots.

Munguía’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, often sees poorer air quality due to increased heating demands, leading to higher particulate matter (PM) concentrations from wood burning and fossil fuel combustion. Stable atmospheric conditions and frequent temperature inversions exacerbate this, trapping pollutants near the ground. Spring, while bringing fresher air, can experience pollen spikes, impacting respiratory health. Summer, typically July and August, benefits from prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing, resulting in generally cleaner air. However, increased ozone formation can occur during prolonged periods of sunshine and stagnant air. Autumn, particularly October and November, witnesses a return to poorer conditions as heating use increases and atmospheric stability returns. Fog, common during autumn and winter mornings, can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter mornings and autumn evenings. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; southerly winds may bring pollutants from Bilbao. Avoiding peak heating hours and staying indoors during foggy conditions are recommended preventative measures.