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Calafell, a coastal municipality in Catalonia, Spain, occupies a geographically diverse space between the Mediterranean Sea and the Serralada del Garraf Natural Park. Situated at coordinates 41.2020° N, 1.5700° E, the city’s terrain transitions from sandy beaches and a low-lying coastal plain to the foothills of the Garraf massif. This proximity to the sea exerts a significant influence on local climate and, consequently, air quality. The prevailing winds are generally from the east and northeast, bringing in maritime air, but can shift, occasionally drawing in pollutants from the industrial areas of Tarragona to the south. The population of 31,828 is concentrated along the coastline, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient as one moves inland. While Calafell itself is primarily a residential and tourist destination, the surrounding agricultural lands – vineyards and olive groves – contribute to seasonal particulate matter from farming activities. The Garraf Natural Park, though a natural filter, can also experience localised pollution events due to its topography trapping air masses. The relatively flat coastal section facilitates pollutant dispersion, but temperature inversions, common in autumn and winter, can exacerbate concentrations near the ground. The urban form, with a mix of low-rise buildings and denser residential areas, impacts local wind patterns and pollutant distribution.

Calafell’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after winter, with increased rainfall washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities begin to ramp up, potentially increasing particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, driven by consistent sea breezes and high temperatures promoting dispersion. However, increased tourist activity leads to higher vehicle traffic, contributing to nitrogen dioxide levels. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. The end of the tourist season coincides with the onset of stable atmospheric conditions and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning of crop residue also contributes to particulate matter. Winter (December-February) experiences lower temperatures and reduced sunlight, leading to increased wood burning for heating, particularly in older homes. This elevates particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the south can bring pollutants from Tarragona. Favouring outdoor activity during breezy summer afternoons is generally advisable.