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Caldas de Montbuy, nestled in the province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain, occupies a unique geographic position within the Pre-Pyrenees foothills. Located at approximately 41.63° N, 2.17° E, and an elevation of around 450 meters above sea level, the town benefits from a relatively sheltered valley setting. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rolling hills and forested slopes, characteristic of the Catalan interior. This terrain significantly influences local air circulation patterns; the valley can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, while the surrounding forests generally act as a natural filter. Caldas de Montbuy’s proximity to the Serra de les Guilleries mountain range further contributes to this microclimate. The town’s urban character is distinctly rural, with a blend of traditional stone buildings and modern residential areas. Agriculture plays a vital role in the regional economy, with olive groves, vineyards, and cereal crops prevalent in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity, while generally low-impact, can contribute to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvesting seasons. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, transitioning seamlessly from the town’s core to the agricultural fields and forested hillsides. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Caldas de Montbuy is within reasonable driving distance of industrial zones in Girona and beyond, potentially impacting air quality through long-range transport of pollutants. The Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park lies to the east, contributing to a generally clean air environment, though volcanic soils can occasionally release trace elements.

Caldas de Montbuy’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of temperature, wind, and precipitation. Summer (June-August) typically sees the most stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions, particularly during the evenings. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, potentially exacerbating any emissions from local agricultural practices or distant sources. While daytime breezes usually disperse pollutants, the still nights can result in a noticeable accumulation. Autumn (September-November) brings increased rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can temporarily elevate pollution levels during this period. Winter (December-February) is characterized by colder temperatures and increased fog, which further restricts air movement and can lead to stagnant air conditions. The valley’s topography amplifies this effect. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with increased wind speeds and frequent rainfall effectively dispersing pollutants. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions or young children, should exercise caution during summer evenings and winter mornings, limiting strenuous outdoor activity when air quality is likely to be poorest. Agricultural workers should be mindful of potential exposure to particulate matter during harvest seasons. Overall, the town’s location and climate create a variable air quality profile, requiring awareness of seasonal trends and local conditions.