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Cardedeu, nestled in the heart of Catalonia, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the Vallès Oriental region, a dynamic area bridging Barcelona’s metropolitan sprawl and the rugged landscapes of the Pre-Pyrenees. Located at approximately 41.64° N, 2.35° E and an elevation of around 280 meters above sea level, the town benefits from a relatively mild Mediterranean climate, though its proximity to the mountains introduces localized microclimates. The surrounding terrain is characterized by gently sloping hills and valleys, historically shaped by agricultural practices and now increasingly influenced by suburban development. Cardedeu sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the south and east, the influence of Barcelona’s industrial belt is palpable, with occasional transport-related emissions drifting into the area. To the north and west, the landscape shifts to agricultural fields and forested slopes, contributing to a generally cleaner air profile, though agricultural burning can occasionally impact local air quality. The River Tordera flows nearby, providing a natural drainage system and a slight moderating effect on temperature. The town’s urban character is a blend of traditional Catalan architecture and modern residential developments, reflecting its growth spurred by Barcelona’s expansion. The valley’s topography, combined with the prevailing wind patterns, can sometimes lead to localized air stagnation, particularly during periods of calm weather, impacting pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated land and natural vegetation, plays a crucial role in the overall air quality dynamics of Cardedeu.

Cardedeu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by the Mediterranean climate and regional weather patterns. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, pollen levels can be high, impacting respiratory health. Summer (June-August) is typically the cleanest period, with consistent breezes and high temperatures promoting good ventilation. The dry conditions, however, can increase the risk of wildfires in the surrounding hills, potentially leading to smoke episodes. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. While winds remain relatively frequent, temperature inversions are more common, particularly in October and November, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially during still nights. Agricultural activities, including harvesting and occasional burning of crop residues, can also contribute to localized pollution spikes. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to temperature inversions, significantly reducing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by limiting dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and reduced visibility. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness of weather forecasts and local air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.