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Castellbisbal, nestled in the heart of Catalonia, Spain, occupies a strategic position within the Barcelona metropolitan area. Situated at coordinates 41.4760, 1.9830, the city benefits from a relatively gentle terrain, lying on the foothills transitioning from the coastal plains towards the Collserola mountain range. This location, approximately 15km west of Barcelona city centre, influences its air quality significantly. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – historically vineyards and now increasingly diverse crops – interspersed with expanding urban sprawl. The Llobregat River flows nearby, offering some natural ventilation but also potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. Castellbisbal’s elevation, around 250 meters above sea level, contributes to localized weather patterns. The proximity to Barcelona’s industrial belts and major transport corridors (AP-7 motorway and rail lines) is a key factor in pollutant transport. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; moving south and east brings increasing industrial activity and traffic density, while the north and west offer more open, agricultural land. This gradient dictates the prevailing wind direction’s impact on air quality, with winds often carrying pollutants from the city towards Castellbisbal. The city’s growth, while providing economic benefits, has also increased vehicle emissions and construction dust, impacting local air quality.

Castellbisbal experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing temperatures and agricultural activity, potentially raising particulate matter from field work and pollen counts, affecting allergy sufferers. Summer (June-August) typically offers cleaner air due to stronger winds dispersing pollutants and reduced heating demands. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) often brings stagnant air masses and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants from heating systems and increased traffic as people return to routines. This is often the period with the poorest air quality. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cooler temperatures and increased reliance on heating, particularly wood-burning stoves in some areas, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Fog can also occur, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Spring can be problematic for allergy sufferers. Monitoring local forecasts and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable year-round. The prevailing wind patterns, often from the west, can bring pollutants from the broader Barcelona area, necessitating regional awareness.