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Manlleu, nestled in the heart of Catalonia, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the Osona region, approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Barcelona. The town’s location is characterized by a gentle valley carved by the River Manlleu, which flows eastward towards the Tordera River and ultimately the Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding landscape is a tapestry of rolling hills and agricultural fields, transitioning into the foothills of the Pyrenees mountains to the north. Elevation ranges from around 300 meters at the river level to approximately 600 meters on the surrounding slopes, influencing local wind patterns and temperature variations. Manlleu’s urban character is distinctly Mediterranean, with a historic core of narrow, winding streets and traditional stone buildings, gradually expanding outwards with more modern residential areas. The town benefits from a relatively strong urban–rural gradient; while it possesses a moderate industrial presence, primarily focused on textile and food processing, the surrounding area remains predominantly agricultural, with vineyards and orchards dominating the landscape. This proximity to agricultural zones can contribute to localized air quality concerns related to seasonal burning practices and pesticide application. The valley setting, while providing scenic beauty, can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. The town’s position within the broader Catalan industrial belt, though not directly adjacent to major industrial hubs, means it is susceptible to the transport of pollutants from Barcelona and other nearby cities, impacting overall air quality.

Manlleu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Mediterranean climate patterns. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing sunlight and more frequent winds dispersing potential pollutants. However, pollen levels can be high, impacting those with allergies. Summers (June-August) are typically dry and warm, often leading to temperature inversions, especially during still nights. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, potentially exacerbating issues related to local industrial emissions and traffic. August, in particular, can see a build-up of particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) brings a shift towards cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the surrounding rural areas, can occasionally contribute to elevated smoke levels during this period. Winter (December-February) is the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses frequently lead to prolonged temperature inversions, trapping pollutants and creating stagnant air conditions. Fog, common during winter mornings, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air and fog, particularly in the mornings. While generally moderate, air quality can fluctuate significantly, making it prudent to monitor local conditions and adjust outdoor activities accordingly. The prevailing westerly winds typically offer some degree of ventilation, but their effectiveness is diminished during inversions.