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San Baudilio de Llobregat, nestled in Catalonia, Spain, occupies a strategically important position within the Barcelona metropolitan area. Located approximately 11 kilometers southwest of Barcelona’s city center, it sits on the slopes of the Collserola mountain range, a natural barrier that significantly influences local climate and air quality. The municipality’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, with elevations ranging from around 150 meters to over 500 meters above sea level. This varied topography creates microclimates and can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind. The Llobregat River flows along the municipality’s southern boundary, providing a natural drainage route and a slight moderating effect on temperatures. Surrounding San Baudilio, the landscape transitions from urban development to the extensive green spaces of Collserola Park, a vital ecological corridor and recreational area. To the east lies the industrial belt of southern Barcelona, a source of potential air pollution. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the parkland providing a buffer but also contributing to localized variations in air quality due to vegetation release and altered wind patterns. The city’s proximity to Barcelona means it is affected by regional pollution trends, while its location within the foothills introduces unique challenges related to terrain-induced air stagnation and the influence of mountain breezes. Agricultural zones, primarily focused on vineyards and orchards, are present in the lower-lying areas, contributing to seasonal biogenic emissions.

San Baudilio de Llobregat’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often sees a gradual improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, pollen levels are high, impacting those with allergies and potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. Summers (June-August) are generally drier and warmer, with stable atmospheric conditions that can lead to localized stagnation, particularly in valleys. While industrial emissions remain consistent, increased use of air conditioning can contribute to ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a return to more dynamic weather patterns, with increased rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, temperature inversions, common in October and November, can trap pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses combined with frequent temperature inversions create conditions ripe for pollutant accumulation. Fog, common during these months, further reduces air mixing and exacerbates the problem. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly in the early morning hours. Increased vigilance regarding local air quality reports is advised throughout the year, but especially during the colder months. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also offer significant protection.