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San Juan de Vilasar, nestled in the foothills of the Serra de les Caves natural park in Catalonia, Spain, occupies a geographically significant position within the Osona region. Its coordinates (41.5060, 2.3910) place it at an elevation of approximately 650 meters above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate compared to coastal areas. The town’s urban character is distinctly rural, characterized by a blend of traditional stone houses and more modern developments, reflecting its evolution from an agricultural village to a commuter town within the Barcelona metropolitan area. The surrounding landscape is dominated by vineyards, orchards, and dense forests of oak and pine, typical of the Catalan Pre-Pyrenees. This proximity to agricultural land introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons. The town sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient, with Barcelona approximately 60 kilometers to the south, influencing commuting patterns and potential for transboundary pollution. The Serra de les Caves acts as a partial barrier, sometimes trapping pollutants, while also providing a degree of natural air purification through vegetation. The Ter River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and microclimates. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, San Juan de Vilasar’s location within a commuting corridor means it can experience impacts from industrial emissions originating from the broader Barcelona region, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The terrain, a mix of gentle slopes and steeper inclines, influences local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants.

San Juan de Vilasar’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate and mountainous terrain. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing sunlight and more frequent winds dispersing any accumulated pollutants. However, pollen levels rise significantly, impacting those with allergies. Summer (June-August) is typically drier, and while temperatures are warmer, stagnant air periods can occur, particularly during heatwaves, leading to localized pollutant build-up. The surrounding forests, while beneficial overall, can contribute to particulate matter during dry spells and potential wildfires. Autumn (September-November) presents a mixed picture. Harvest activities in the surrounding vineyards can temporarily elevate particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during autumn evenings, trap cooler air and pollutants in the valleys, exacerbating air quality issues. Winter (December-February) often brings the most challenging conditions. Cold, stable air masses combined with frequent fog and temperature inversions can lead to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods. The mountainous terrain can create localized pockets of poor air quality, so monitoring local conditions is crucial. While rainfall helps to cleanse the air, its effectiveness is limited during prolonged dry spells. Increased wood-burning for heating during winter can also contribute to particulate pollution, particularly in the evenings.