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San Juan Despí, nestled within the Baix Llobregat region of Catalonia, Spain, occupies a strategically important position just west of Barcelona. Its coordinates (41.3681, 2.0581) place it on a gently sloping terrain, rising slightly from the coastal plain towards the Collserola mountain range. This proximity to both the Mediterranean Sea and the foothills significantly influences its environmental conditions. The surrounding landscape is a blend of urban development, agricultural land, and the expansive green space of Collserola Park, a natural area vital for air quality regulation. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; San Juan Despí transitions quickly from residential areas to more rural settings as one moves towards the mountains. The city’s location within the Barcelona metropolitan area means it’s subject to regional pollution patterns, influenced by industrial activity concentrated further east and north within the greater Barcelona conurbation. The Llobregat River flows nearby, contributing to local humidity and potentially affecting pollutant dispersion. Elevation plays a role, with slightly higher elevations experiencing reduced pollutant concentrations compared to lower-lying areas closer to the urban core. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, carry air masses over the Collserola range, which can act as a barrier, trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Agricultural zones to the south contribute to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvesting periods. The city’s compact urban form, while promoting walkability, can also exacerbate localized pollution hotspots.

San Juan Despí’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Mediterranean climate and regional meteorological influences. Summer, characterized by high temperatures and prolonged sunshine, often brings stagnant air conditions. The lack of significant rainfall and the prevalence of temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground – can lead to pollutant accumulation, particularly from vehicle emissions and nearby industrial sources. August and September frequently experience these conditions, making outdoor activity challenging for vulnerable populations. Autumn sees a gradual improvement as winds pick up and rainfall increases, dispersing pollutants. Winter, while cooler, can also present challenges. Periods of cold, clear weather can trigger temperature inversions, again trapping pollutants. Fog, common during winter mornings, further reduces air mixing and exacerbates localized pollution. Spring offers the most consistently favorable air quality, with increased rainfall, stronger winds, and more frequent air mass changes. Agricultural activities, however, can contribute to particulate matter during planting and harvesting seasons. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should monitor local air quality reports and limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air or temperature inversions, particularly during the summer months. Avoiding peak traffic hours and choosing routes with less traffic exposure can also mitigate personal exposure. Maintaining green spaces within the city and promoting sustainable transportation options are crucial for long-term air quality improvements.