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Ez Zahra, nestled within the Ben Arous Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position approximately 15km southeast of Tunis, the nation’s capital. The city’s coordinates (36.7439, 10.3083) place it on relatively flat coastal plains, gently sloping inland. This terrain, part of the wider Sahel region, is characterised by fertile agricultural land, historically dedicated to olive groves, citrus fruits, and market gardening. The Mediterranean Sea lies immediately to the east, influencing local climate patterns with moderating sea breezes. However, this proximity also means susceptibility to salt spray and humidity. Ez Zahra isn’t heavily industrialised itself, but its location within the Greater Tunis metropolitan area means it’s downwind of industrial zones concentrated further north and west, particularly around the port of Tunis and the industrial areas of La Goulette. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; moving inland, agricultural land dominates, while closer to Tunis, urban sprawl increases. This proximity to a major urban centre, combined with agricultural practices and prevailing wind directions, significantly impacts local air quality. Dust from agricultural activities and potential emissions from transport corridors connecting Tunis to the south contribute to particulate matter concentrations. The relatively flat topography can also exacerbate pollution build-up, limiting natural dispersion.

Ez Zahra experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away pollutants. However, temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from residential heating using wood or charcoal. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual warming trend and increasing agricultural activity, leading to a rise in dust and pollen levels. Summer (June-August) is hot and dry, with generally good ventilation due to sea breezes, but ozone formation can be a concern due to high temperatures and sunlight. The dry conditions also increase the risk of dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and the potential for stagnant air masses. October and November often see a build-up of pollutants as heating systems are reactivated. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during periods of temperature inversion in winter and high ozone levels in summer. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the northwest are likely to carry pollutants from Tunis.