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Radès, a coastal city in the Ben Arous Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position just southeast of the capital, Tunis. Situated at coordinates 36.7667, 10.2833, Radès benefits from a relatively flat terrain, gently sloping towards the Gulf of Tunis. This proximity to the Mediterranean Sea exerts a moderating influence on the climate, but also creates conditions conducive to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of residential areas, commercial zones, and light industrial activity, particularly related to food processing and packaging. Surrounding Radès are agricultural lands to the south and west, contributing to seasonal biomass burning emissions. To the north, the landscape transitions into the more densely populated Tunis metropolitan area, a major source of regional air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas experiencing lower pollution levels compared to the city centre. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, can transport pollutants from Tunis towards Radès, exacerbating air quality issues. The city’s location within a coastal plain limits natural ventilation, increasing the concentration of airborne particles and gases. Understanding this interplay of geographical factors is crucial for addressing Radès’ air quality challenges.

Radès experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Summer (June-August) often sees relatively cleaner air due to consistent sea breezes dispersing pollutants, though ozone levels can rise with intense sunlight. However, increased tourism and associated vehicle traffic contribute to localised emissions. Autumn (September-November) brings a deterioration in air quality as agricultural burning commences in surrounding areas, releasing particulate matter. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) is generally the period of poorest air quality. Reduced wind speeds and increased heating demands, particularly from older, less efficient systems, lead to higher concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Fog can also exacerbate the problem, trapping pollutants. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere, but dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert can occasionally impact air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is key; periods of calm or winds from the northwest are likely to coincide with poorer air quality.