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El Hamma, nestled within the Gabès Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s southeast. Located at approximately 33.8864° N, 9.7951° E, the city sits on the edge of the Chott el Jerid, a vast endorheic salt lake, influencing its microclimate and contributing to unique air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is predominantly arid, characterized by expansive desert plains and rocky plateaus, typical of the Sahara Desert’s fringes. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. El Hamma’s urban character is a blend of traditional architecture and modern development, reflecting its historical role as a phosphate mining and processing hub. The city’s proximity to phosphate mines and processing plants, a major industrial belt in the region, is a primary driver of air pollution. An agricultural zone, focused on date palm cultivation, exists in the oasis areas around Chott el Jerid, contributing to dust emissions and potentially impacting air quality through pesticide use. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the city center to the surrounding desert, creating a distinct contrast in land use and potential pollution sources. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Sahara, carry dust and sand, further degrading air quality. The presence of the salt lake also influences humidity levels and can contribute to the formation of salt-laden aerosols, impacting respiratory health.

El Hamma’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its arid climate and regional weather systems. The summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by intense heat and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants released from phosphate processing facilities and vehicular emissions, resulting in periods of elevated particulate matter. Strong, hot winds from the Sahara, known as Sirocco, frequently blow during this period, carrying significant amounts of dust and exacerbating respiratory issues. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) offer slightly improved conditions, with more frequent wind events that help disperse pollutants, though dust storms remain a concern. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which can temporarily cleanse the air. However, fog events, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the hot, still summer months and on days with heavy dust or fog. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is crucial year-round. Agricultural activities, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, can contribute to localized air quality degradation, requiring caution near fields. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated dust concentrations, recommending the use of masks and minimizing strenuous outdoor exertion.