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Beni Khiar, nestled within the Nabeul Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s northeast. Located at approximately 36.4667°N latitude and 10.7833°E longitude, the city benefits from a Mediterranean climate and a relatively low elevation, contributing to its generally mild temperatures. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and plains, typical of the region, transitioning towards the coastal plains further east. Beni Khiar isn’t directly on the coast, but is situated inland, approximately 15-20km from the Gulf of Tunis, meaning sea breezes can influence local weather patterns, though their impact on dispersing pollutants is limited by the inland location. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural zones, particularly olive groves and citrus orchards, and increasingly, areas experiencing suburban sprawl from Nabeul city. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through dust from tilling and potential pesticide drift. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with Beni Khiar exhibiting a growing urban character, but still retaining strong ties to the surrounding agricultural land. The proximity to Nabeul, a regional industrial hub focused on pottery and ceramics, introduces potential sources of industrial emissions that can affect air quality in Beni Khiar, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Beni Khiar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall increases, washing away accumulated pollutants from the drier winter months. However, agricultural activities intensify, potentially raising particulate matter levels. Summer (June-August) is typically the period of best air quality, driven by consistent sea breezes and higher temperatures promoting dispersion, though ozone formation can be a concern on hot, sunny days. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition, with decreasing temperatures and reduced wind speeds leading to increased pollutant concentrations, particularly from residential heating as evenings cool. This is often the period with the highest levels of dust and smoke. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants near the ground, and increased reliance on wood and other solid fuels for heating exacerbates particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during these months. Fog, a frequent occurrence in winter, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor activity are December, January and February. September and October can be variable, requiring monitoring of local conditions.