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Mennzel Bou Zelfa, nestled within the Nabeul Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position along the country’s northeastern coast. Located at approximately 36.68°N, 10.58°E, the town sits inland from the Bizerte Gulf, benefiting from a relatively mild Mediterranean climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a gradual transition from coastal plains to rolling hills and agricultural lands, typical of the Sahel region. Elevation is modest, generally ranging between 20 and 50 meters above sea level, which can influence local wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. Mennzel Bou Zelfa’s proximity to the coastal plain means it’s susceptible to sea breezes, which can both ventilate the town and, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. The town’s urban character is primarily residential, with a mix of traditional and modern housing, and a small commercial center. Agriculture plays a vital role in the regional economy, with olive groves, citrus orchards, and cereal crops dominating the surrounding countryside. This agricultural activity, while essential, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as dust from tilling. Further inland, the terrain becomes more rugged, limiting the potential for industrial development directly adjacent to the town. The urban-rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery, impacting the overall air quality profile through diffuse sources.

Mennzel Bou Zelfa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, characterized by stagnant air and frequent temperature inversions, particularly during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to a potential build-up of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from agricultural activities and domestic sources. The lack of significant rainfall during this period exacerbates the issue. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and occasional rainfall, which helps to disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the region during these months, can cause temporary spikes in smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased humidity, sometimes accompanied by fog, which can also trap pollutants and reduce visibility. While rainfall is more frequent in winter, the damp conditions can also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution hours. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural burning events. During periods of fog, indoor air quality can also be affected, so ensuring adequate ventilation is important. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is key to mitigating potential health risks.