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El Maknassi, nestled in the Sidi Bouzid Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s central-western region. Located at approximately 34.6042° N, 9.6056° E, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Tunisian Sahel region, characterized by fertile plains and rolling hills. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive olive groves and cereal fields dominating the immediate vicinity. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest periods. El Maknassi’s elevation, averaging around 300 meters above sea level, influences local wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions, especially during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The city’s urban character is that of a relatively small market town, with a traditional layout and limited industrial presence. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, the Chélif River flows approximately 50 kilometers to the north, impacting regional weather systems. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. The absence of large-scale industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor for air quality, however, dust storms originating from the Sahara Desert to the south frequently impact the region, carrying significant quantities of particulate matter and impacting air quality across El Maknassi. The Sahel’s climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wetter winters, further shapes the city’s atmospheric conditions.

El Maknassi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants from winter. However, dust storms from the Sahara remain a risk, particularly in March and April. Summer (June-August) is typically the most challenging period. High temperatures and prolonged periods of calm air lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the surface. Agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and harvesting, contribute to elevated levels of ammonia and particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and wind patterns shift, though agricultural burning after harvest can temporarily degrade air quality. Winter (December-February) often presents the most persistent air quality concerns. Cold, stable air masses and frequent fog events exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, leading to pollutant accumulation. The lack of strong winds during this period further limits dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during winter and summer mornings. During dust storm events, regardless of the season, it is advisable to remain indoors with windows closed and to wear a mask if venturing outside. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of exposure to pesticides and fertilizers, utilizing appropriate protective equipment and adhering to safety guidelines. The interplay of these seasonal factors dictates the overall air quality profile of El Maknassi, demanding adaptive strategies for public health protection.