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Er Regueb, nestled in the Sidi Bouzid Governorate of Tunisia, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s central-western region. Located at approximately 34.87° N, 9.78° E, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Tunisian Sahara, characterized by semi-arid conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive agricultural fields, primarily dedicated to olive groves and cereal cultivation, interspersed with sparse vegetation typical of the steppe environment. Er Regueb’s elevation, averaging around 350 meters above sea level, contributes to its susceptibility to temperature inversions, a key factor influencing local air quality. The city’s urban character is distinctly rural, reflecting its relatively small population of 11,430. It exhibits a gradual urban-rural gradient, with the built environment transitioning seamlessly into the agricultural plains. While Er Regueb lacks immediate proximity to major bodies of water, the Chélif River, though intermittent, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially impacting pollutant dispersion. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within the immediate vicinity is a mitigating factor for air pollution, however, agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of crop residue, can contribute to localized emissions. The regional position, far from major coastal cities and industrial belts, generally results in cleaner air compared to more densely populated areas, but seasonal weather patterns and agricultural activities still play a crucial role in shaping the local air quality profile.

Er Regueb’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) typically sees improved air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing any accumulated pollutants. However, this period also coincides with the start of agricultural activities, potentially leading to increased dust and emissions from fertilizer application. Summer (June-August) is characterized by intense heat and minimal rainfall, often resulting in stagnant air conditions and the potential for temperature inversions, particularly during the early morning hours. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual cooling and increased wind speeds, generally improving air quality. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing, can, however, significantly degrade air quality during this season. Winter (December-February) is the coolest period, with occasional fog and low-lying clouds. These conditions can exacerbate temperature inversions and trap pollutants, creating localized air quality challenges. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer mornings and winter evenings, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. The agricultural cycle, particularly the burning of crop residue in autumn, warrants careful monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect public health and minimize environmental impact. Overall, spring and autumn generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, while summer and winter require greater vigilance.