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Karataş, nestled within the Çukurova region of Adana Province, Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position at 36.5625° N, 35.3803° E. The city’s landscape is characterized by a gently sloping alluvial plain, a direct consequence of the fertile Çukurova basin formed by the Seyhan and Berdan rivers. This plain extends towards the Mediterranean Sea, approximately 20 kilometers to the south, influencing local climate and air patterns. Karataş sits at a relatively low elevation, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, which contributes to temperature inversions, a key factor in air quality challenges. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with vast fields of cotton, wheat, and vegetables dominating the rural landscape. This intensive agricultural activity, coupled with the presence of nearby industrial zones within Adana city, creates a complex urban-rural gradient. The proximity to the Mediterranean also introduces a maritime influence, bringing humidity and occasional sea breezes, but also potential for salt deposition. The city’s location within a major agricultural belt means that seasonal agricultural burning, though regulated, can still contribute to particulate matter in the air. Furthermore, the broader Çukurova region is a significant hub for food processing and related industries, adding to the potential for industrial emissions impacting Karataş’s air quality. The relatively flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating localized air quality issues.

Karataş experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Summers (June-August) are characterized by intense heat and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, particularly particulate matter from agricultural activities and industrial emissions. The dry, hot winds can also exacerbate dust levels. Spring (March-May) brings a slight improvement as winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal, but pollen levels rise, impacting respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and increased rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere, reducing particulate matter. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land preparation, often peaks during this period, creating localized pollution spikes. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging season. Cold, calm conditions frequently lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants and creating a layer of stagnant air. Fog, common during winter mornings, further restricts visibility and concentrates pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and on days with visible fog or temperature inversions. During the hot summer months, staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat hours is crucial. Spring requires awareness of pollen counts, and autumn necessitates monitoring for smoke from agricultural burning. Overall, minimizing exposure during periods of stagnant air and high temperatures is the best strategy for protecting respiratory health.