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Avsallar, nestled along Turkey’s stunning Mediterranean coast within Antalya province, occupies a unique geographic position that significantly influences its air quality. Situated at approximately 36.58°N, 31.88°E, the town lies roughly 22 kilometers east of Antalya city, benefiting from a coastal location but also experiencing the impacts of the surrounding topography. The terrain is characterized by a gradual slope from the coastline towards the Taurus Mountains, which rise dramatically to the north. This creates a funneling effect, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The immediate landscape is dominated by sandy beaches and pine forests, offering a natural buffer against some pollutants, but also contributing to seasonal pollen loads. Avsallar’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea provides a constant source of sea breezes, which generally help to disperse pollutants, although they can also carry marine aerosols. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly; beyond the built-up area, the landscape is predominantly agricultural, with citrus groves and vegetable farms being common. While these agricultural activities contribute to the local economy, they can also be sources of ammonia and particulate matter, particularly during harvesting and fertilization periods. Further inland, the Taurus Mountains act as a barrier, limiting the influx of cleaner air from the north and potentially exacerbating pollution episodes when stagnant air conditions prevail. The absence of major heavy industries directly within Avsallar is a positive factor, but the proximity to Antalya’s industrial zones means that pollutants generated there can occasionally be transported to Avsallar.

Avsallar’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Summer (June-August) typically sees the clearest air, driven by consistent sea breezes and high temperatures that promote atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged periods of intense heat can lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant, particularly during stagnant afternoons. Spring (March-May) presents a more complex picture. While the sea breezes remain active, the increased prevalence of pollen from the surrounding pine forests and agricultural lands can significantly impact air quality, triggering allergic reactions and respiratory issues. Autumn (September-November) often witnesses a gradual decline in air quality as the sea breezes weaken and temperature inversions become more frequent, especially during calmer nights. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized increases in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is generally the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses combined with occasional fog and reduced wind speeds create conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. While industrial emissions are relatively low, residential heating, particularly the use of solid fuels in some households, can contribute to particulate pollution. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and on days with stagnant air. Spring requires vigilance regarding pollen counts, and summer necessitates awareness of potential ozone levels during heatwaves. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the morning hours when temperatures are cooler and sea breezes are typically stronger.