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Kestel, a district of Antalya Province in southern Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coast. Located at coordinates 36.5161°N, 32.0743°E, the town’s terrain is characterised by a transition from the coastal plains to the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. This creates a complex topography influencing local air circulation. Kestel’s elevation, though relatively low, contributes to temperature inversions, particularly during the colder months. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea moderates temperatures but also introduces sea breezes that can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions. Surrounding Kestel are extensive agricultural lands, primarily focused on citrus fruits and vegetables, alongside growing tourism infrastructure. Antalya as a whole is a major agricultural hub, and pesticide drift from these zones can contribute to localised air quality issues. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Kestel experiencing increasing urbanisation and associated vehicle emissions. While not a major industrial centre itself, Kestel benefits from, and is impacted by, the industrial activity concentrated further west towards Antalya city. This interplay of coastal influences, mountainous terrain, agricultural practices, and urban development defines Kestel’s unique air quality challenges.

Kestel’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Summer months (June-August) generally experience better air quality due to prevailing sea breezes that effectively disperse pollutants. However, high temperatures can promote the formation of ground-level ozone, particularly in areas with significant vehicle traffic. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures cool and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is exacerbated by increased heating demands. Winter (December-February) represents the period of poorest air quality. Reduced sunlight and stagnant air masses, coupled with the burning of fuels for heating, lead to higher concentrations of particulate matter and other pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, but agricultural burning can temporarily worsen conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Avoiding peak traffic hours year-round is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding any public health advisories is crucial.