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Hassa, nestled within the fertile Çukurova plain of Hatay Province, Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 36.7994° N, 36.5178° E. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the broader Çukurova region, a vast alluvial plain formed by the historical Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This flatness, while beneficial for agriculture, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. Hassa sits at a relatively low elevation, around 50 meters above sea level, further hindering vertical mixing of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensive agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cotton, wheat, and vegetables – a major driver of regional economic activity. To the west, the Amanos Mountains rise, providing a partial barrier to prevailing winds, occasionally trapping pollutants within the plain. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 60 kilometers to the west, introduces a maritime influence, impacting humidity and wind patterns. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region relies heavily on irrigation, drawing water from the Seyhan and Berdan rivers, which can contribute to localized humidity and potential for agricultural burning. The urban–rural gradient around Hassa is gradual, with agricultural fields extending almost to the city limits, meaning agricultural practices directly impact the urban air quality. The absence of significant industrial belts within Hassa itself mitigates some pollution sources, but regional industrial activity in nearby cities can contribute to transboundary pollution events.

Hassa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its Mediterranean climate and agricultural practices. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with minimal rainfall and frequent periods of stagnant air. This, combined with high temperatures, often leads to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly those released from agricultural activities like pesticide spraying and, occasionally, crop residue burning. The dry conditions exacerbate dust emissions from agricultural fields, further degrading air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a slight improvement as temperatures cool and winds increase, though agricultural burning may still be prevalent. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and occasional rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere. However, fog events, common during this period, can trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Spring (March-May) generally offers the best air quality, with increased rainfall and more frequent wind patterns dispersing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and avoiding areas with visible smoke. During the autumn, monitoring local agricultural practices and avoiding exposure to smoke is advisable. While winter fog can be picturesque, it’s crucial to be aware of potential air quality issues and limit strenuous outdoor activities. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, making awareness of planting and harvesting seasons vital for protecting respiratory health.