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Aliağa, a coastal city in Izmir Province, Turkey, occupies a strategically important position on the northern Aegean coast. Situated at coordinates 38.8008° N, 26.9728° E, the city’s geography is defined by its proximity to the Gulf of Izmir and the surrounding hills. The terrain is generally undulating, rising gently inland from the coastal plain. This coastal location, while offering economic benefits through port activity, significantly influences air quality. Aliağa is a major industrial hub, particularly for petrochemicals, shipbuilding, and refining, creating concentrated pollution sources. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – olive groves and vineyards are common – and increasingly, industrial zones. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with industrial areas directly abutting residential neighbourhoods. Prevailing winds, often from the north and northwest, can carry pollutants from these industrial sources across the city and out over the Gulf. The relatively shallow waters of the Gulf can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The city’s location within a semi-arid climate zone further exacerbates particulate matter issues, particularly during drier periods. The port’s activity also introduces ship emissions as a significant contributor to local air pollution.

Aliağa’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter, but agricultural burning and increasing industrial activity can lead to moderate pollution episodes. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, driven by stronger sea breezes dispersing pollutants and reduced heating-related emissions. However, high temperatures can promote ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) marks a deterioration in air quality as heating demand rises and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants. This is often the most challenging period for respiratory health. Winter (December-February) experiences the poorest air quality, characterized by stagnant air masses, increased reliance on coal and other solid fuels for heating, and frequent temperature inversions. These conditions concentrate particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during autumn and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds bring pollutants from industrial areas. Avoiding peak hours near industrial zones and utilizing air purifiers indoors are recommended preventative measures. The dry climate exacerbates dust issues, so staying hydrated and wearing masks during windy days is advisable.