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Çeşme, a vibrant coastal town in Turkey’s Izmir Province, occupies a geographically significant position on the westernmost point of mainland Turkey, facing the Greek island of Chios. Its terrain is characterised by gently rolling hills descending towards a rugged coastline punctuated by numerous bays and peninsulas. Situated on the Erythraean Peninsula, Çeşme benefits from a Mediterranean climate and is heavily influenced by the Aegean Sea. The town’s elevation is relatively low, generally under 100 meters, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Surrounding Çeşme are agricultural lands, primarily olive groves and vineyards, alongside areas dedicated to tourism. While Çeşme itself isn’t heavily industrialised, the broader Izmir metropolitan area to the north contains industrial zones that can contribute to regional background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the town centre is densely populated, particularly during the summer tourist season, while the periphery quickly transitions to rural landscapes. This proximity to both agricultural activity and a major urban centre, combined with the coastal location and limited topography for ventilation, creates a unique set of air quality challenges. Sea breezes offer some relief, but can also trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Çeşme’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) generally offers the cleanest air, with increased rainfall washing away accumulated pollutants and moderate winds aiding dispersion. However, agricultural burning, common during this period for land preparation, can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) sees a surge in tourist activity, increasing vehicle traffic and potentially leading to localised pollution near busy roads and tourist hotspots. High temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period; the tourist season wanes, reducing traffic, but the risk of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants close to the ground. This is often when regional pollution from Izmir is most noticeable. Winter (December-February) is typically the wettest season, with frequent storms that effectively cleanse the air. However, heating from homes using wood or coal can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly in older neighbourhoods. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during autumn and winter months. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during periods of calm weather is advisable.