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Demirci, nestled in the province of Manisa, Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position within the Aegean Region. Located at coordinates 39.0450, 28.6581, the city is situated inland, approximately 160km east of İzmir and benefiting from a moderately high elevation, contributing to a cooler climate than coastal areas. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and agricultural plains, typical of the region’s fertile land. Demirci is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though it lies within the broader watershed of rivers flowing towards the Aegean Sea. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Demirci serves as a regional centre for the surrounding agricultural communities, primarily focused on olive cultivation, fruit production, and livestock farming. While not a heavily industrialised zone, the presence of smaller-scale agricultural processing and related industries contributes to localised emissions. The terrain, with its undulating hills, can create microclimates and influence the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s position within a valley can also exacerbate the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. Understanding this interplay between topography, land use, and meteorological conditions is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Demirci.

Demirci experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, with potential for dust and particulate matter from field preparation. Gentle breezes generally aid dispersion, making it a relatively favourable period. Summers (June-August) are hot and dry, with stable atmospheric conditions and infrequent rainfall. This can lead to a build-up of pollutants, particularly ozone, formed through photochemical reactions in sunlight. August often experiences the poorest air quality. Autumn (September-November) brings a transition period, with increased rainfall helping to cleanse the air, but also the start of heating season using wood and coal in some households, contributing to particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is cold and damp, with frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants in the valley. Wood burning for heating becomes the dominant pollution source. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during winter months and periods of stagnant air. Avoiding outdoor activity during peak summer heat and monitoring local conditions are also advisable. Fog can also exacerbate pollution in the colder months.