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Erdemli, a coastal city in Mersin Province, Turkey, occupies a geographically significant position on the northeastern Mediterranean coast. Located at coordinates 36.6056, 34.3111, the city’s terrain is characterised by a transition from the coastal plains to the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. This proximity to both sea and mountains profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. Erdemli’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, contributing to stable atmospheric conditions that can trap pollutants. The city benefits from a Mediterranean climate, but is also exposed to regional dust storms originating from the Syrian and Arabian deserts. Surrounding Erdemli are extensive agricultural lands, particularly citrus groves and vegetable farms, which contribute to seasonal biomass burning and pesticide use. While Erdemli isn’t a major industrial hub, the larger Mersin metropolitan area to the west contains industrial activity that can impact regional air quality through long-range transport. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally improving as one moves away from the city centre and towards the agricultural hinterland. The coastal location provides some degree of dispersion, but prevailing wind patterns can also concentrate pollutants during certain times of the year. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Erdemli.

Erdemli’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, coupled with increased dust from desert sources. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, benefiting from sea breezes that disperse pollutants and infrequent rainfall to wash them away. However, high temperatures can promote ground-level ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning as harvests are completed, and the onset of stable atmospheric conditions can lead to pollution build-up. Winter (December-February) is characterised by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating the effects of residential heating, often utilising wood or coal. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during spring and autumn. Months to avoid strenuous outdoor activity are April and October. The prevailing winds, generally from the north and northeast, can transport pollutants from inland areas. Fog, common in winter mornings, can further concentrate pollutants. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak agricultural burning periods are key strategies for protecting respiratory health.