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Horodyshche, nestled within the Cherkaska Oblast of central Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Dnipro River basin. Located at approximately 49.29°N, 31.46°E, the town sits on gently undulating terrain, part of the Polissian Plain, characterized by its low elevation – averaging around 140 meters above sea level. This relatively flat landscape, while facilitating agricultural activity, can also contribute to localized air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of fields used for grain and vegetable cultivation, interspersed with pockets of deciduous forest typical of the region. The proximity to the Southern Bug River, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels. Horodyshche’s urban character is that of a small, historically significant town, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. The town’s location is not directly within a major industrial belt, however, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing and related industries, which can contribute to localized emissions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying pollutants eastward, and the topography offers limited natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The fertile black soil (chernozem) supports intensive agriculture, which, while economically vital, can also be a source of ammonia emissions and dust, impacting air quality, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons. The relatively low elevation and flat terrain mean that temperature inversions, common in winter, can exacerbate pollution accumulation.

Horodyshche’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and other emissions from residential heating (often coal or wood-burning stoves). Fog, common during these months, further reduces atmospheric mixing, worsening the situation. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application and plowing, introduce ammonia and dust into the air, creating localized spikes. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, consistent winds, and frequent rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, dry spells can lead to increased dust levels from agricultural fields. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Harvest season contributes to particulate matter from agricultural operations. The months of November and December are particularly concerning due to the combination of cold weather, temperature inversions, and increased residential heating. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially on days with calm winds or fog. During spring and autumn, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen and dust levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial throughout the year.