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Kurman, nestled within the Autonomous Republic of Krym (Crimea) in Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 45.49° N, 34.29° E. The city’s location within the Crimean Highlands influences its terrain, characterized by rolling hills and valleys, with an elevation averaging around 250 meters above sea level. This topography can contribute to localized air quality challenges, particularly during periods of temperature inversion. Kurman sits within a transitional zone, bordering both agricultural lands and areas exhibiting early signs of industrial development, primarily related to local processing of agricultural products. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of vineyards, orchards, and grain fields, typical of the Crimean peninsula’s fertile plains. To the south, the Black Sea exerts a moderating influence on the climate, though its impact on air quality is less direct than other factors. The urban–rural gradient around Kurman is relatively gradual; smaller villages and agricultural settlements are interspersed throughout the region, creating a dispersed population density. The city itself is a small, primarily residential settlement, lacking large-scale industrial zones. However, the proximity to larger Crimean cities and potential for future industrial expansion necessitates careful monitoring of air quality. Prevailing winds generally flow from the northwest, carrying potential pollutants from surrounding agricultural activities and, occasionally, from distant industrial centers. The Crimean Mountains to the north act as a barrier, sometimes trapping pollutants and exacerbating local air quality issues.

Kurman’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated particulate matter levels due to agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue removal. While regulated, enforcement can be inconsistent, leading to temporary spikes in pollution. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent breezes from the Black Sea dispersing pollutants. However, prolonged periods of intense heat can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation, particularly during heatwaves. Autumn (September-November) brings a resurgence of agricultural activity, again contributing to particulate pollution, compounded by cooler temperatures and increased fog, which traps pollutants near the ground. The frequent fog events, especially in October and November, significantly reduce visibility and worsen air quality. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging period. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, are common, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants close to the surface. This, combined with reduced sunlight hours and limited wind, can lead to prolonged periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, particularly on days with fog or temperature inversions. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. Agricultural workers and residents living near agricultural fields should take precautions to minimize exposure to smoke during burning seasons.