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Zhovkva, nestled in Lvivska Oblast, Ukraine, occupies a gently undulating landscape within the Western Polesian Lowland. Situated at coordinates 50.0550, 23.9767, the city’s elevation is approximately 215 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates. The surrounding terrain is characterized by mixed forests, agricultural lands, and small river valleys. The Western Bug River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. Zhovkva’s urban character is defined by its historical centre, a testament to its past as a significant trading post, surrounded by more modern residential areas. The city isn’t directly within a major industrial belt, but is influenced by regional industrial activity concentrated around Lviv, approximately 30km to the east. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly to agricultural fields and woodlands. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces seasonal particulate matter from harvesting and field preparation. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from surrounding areas, while local topography can create pockets of stagnant air, exacerbating pollution events. The city’s position within a river valley can also contribute to the accumulation of moisture and fog, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Zhovkva’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural activities – plowing, sowing, and burning of vegetation residues. Wet weather during this period can temporarily improve conditions, but dry spells lead to dust suspension. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing winds and rainfall washing away pollutants. However, heatwaves can trigger ground-level ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is marked by increased heating demand, leading to higher emissions from residential coal and wood burning, a common practice in the region. This, combined with stable atmospheric conditions and frequent fog, creates periods of poor air quality. Winter (December-February) represents the most challenging period. Prolonged temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, and heavy reliance on solid fuel for heating significantly elevates particulate matter and sulfur dioxide levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during November to February. Months of June, July and August are generally most favourable for outdoor activities. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; westerly winds may bring cleaner air, while easterly winds could carry pollutants from Lviv.