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Bolhrad, situated in the southwestern Odeska Oblast of Ukraine, occupies a unique geographical position within the Bessarabian steppe. The city’s coordinates (45.6672, 28.6128) place it on relatively flat terrain, characteristic of this agricultural heartland. Elevation is low, generally under 50 meters above sea level, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. Bolhrad is approximately 30km from the Dniester Estuary and the Black Sea, influencing local climate patterns with moderating maritime effects, but also potentially trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive agricultural fields – primarily grain and sunflower – with smaller patches of deciduous forest. This intensive agriculture is a key factor impacting air quality, through dust from tilling, pesticide application, and ammonia emissions from fertilizer use. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Bolhrad is a regional centre, but surrounded by smaller villages and vast farmland. Historically, the area lacked heavy industry, but increased agricultural processing and transport infrastructure contribute to localised emissions. The prevailing winds are generally from the northwest, potentially carrying pollutants from industrial areas further inland, though this effect is often diluted by the open steppe. Understanding this interplay of terrain, agriculture, and proximity to the sea is crucial for assessing Bolhrad’s air quality challenges.

Bolhrad’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by agricultural practices and meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to field preparation and the burning of agricultural residue, exacerbated by occasional dust storms. Winds can be variable, sometimes offering dispersion, but temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants near the ground. Summer (June-August) typically brings better air quality, with rainfall washing away dust and increased vegetation reducing particulate matter. However, high temperatures can promote ozone formation, particularly on still, sunny days. August sees increased activity related to harvest, potentially raising dust levels again. Autumn (September-November) is often the most problematic period. Post-harvest burning of crop residue is widespread, leading to significant spikes in PM2.5 and PM10. Fog is also common, trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) generally experiences the cleanest air, with reduced agricultural activity and stronger winds. However, heating with solid fuels in residential areas contributes to localised smoke pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during spring and autumn, and be mindful of ozone levels in summer. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity near agricultural burning are advisable.