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Khorol, nestled within the Poltavska Oblast of Ukraine, occupies a geographically significant position on the Psel River. The city’s coordinates, 49.7667° N, 33.2667° E, place it within the Dnieper Lowland, a gently undulating plain characterized by fertile black soil (chernozem). The terrain is relatively flat, with a slight southward slope, influencing drainage patterns and potential for localised flooding. Surrounding Khorol is a predominantly agricultural landscape, dominated by grain farming and sunflower cultivation. This extensive agricultural zone, while vital to the regional economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through soil disturbance during tilling and harvesting, and the use of fertilizers. The Psel River, a tributary of the Dnieper, provides a degree of natural ventilation, but can also trap pollutants during temperature inversions. Khorol isn’t situated within a major industrial belt, but smaller-scale agricultural processing facilities and local industries contribute to emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city itself is compact, transitioning quickly to open farmland. This proximity to agricultural land means air quality is heavily influenced by seasonal farming practices and prevailing wind directions, often carrying dust and agricultural chemicals into the city.

Khorol experiences a temperate continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter as agricultural activities intensify – plowing, sowing, and fertilizer application release dust and ammonia. Winds are often variable, sometimes failing to disperse pollutants effectively. Summer (June-August) generally offers better air quality, aided by more consistent winds and rainfall which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. However, high temperatures can promote ground-level ozone formation, particularly on stagnant days. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning, releasing significant smoke and particulate matter, often coinciding with temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This is typically the worst period for air quality. Winter (December-February) sees reduced agricultural activity, but heating from coal and wood-burning stoves becomes a major source of pollution, creating a persistent haze. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during autumn and winter. March and July generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities. Fog, common in the cooler months, can exacerbate pollution by trapping emissions.