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Korosten, situated in the Zhytomyrska Oblast of Ukraine (coordinates 50.9500, 28.6333), occupies a geographically significant position within the Polesian Lowland. This lowland, characterized by its flat, marshy terrain, dictates much of the city’s urban form and influences its air quality dynamics. The city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 180 meters above sea level, contributing to potential temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. Korosten lies approximately 130 kilometers west of Kyiv, placing it within a transitional zone between the agricultural heartland of central Ukraine and the more forested regions of the northwest. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and sunflowers dominating the view. This proximity to intensive farming practices introduces agricultural emissions, including ammonia from fertilizer use and particulate matter from soil disturbance during planting and harvesting. To the south, the Horyn River, though not directly adjacent to the city center, influences local humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Korosten is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Historically, Korosten has experienced industrial activity, though its current industrial base is relatively modest, primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, often gentle and variable, can lead to localized pollutant accumulation, especially when combined with unfavorable meteorological conditions.

Korosten’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Ukraine’s continental climate. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter due to agricultural activities – plowing, seeding, and the application of fertilizers release dust and ammonia into the atmosphere. The warming temperatures can also lead to increased volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from vegetation. Summer (June-August) generally sees improved air quality, with warmer temperatures and more frequent rainfall helping to disperse pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex picture. Harvest season contributes to elevated particulate matter, while cooler temperatures and calmer winds can promote the formation of fog, trapping pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, common during this period, further exacerbate this effect. Winter (December-February) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent temperature inversions, lead to pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, often reliant on coal or wood, adds significantly to particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels. Fog is also prevalent, further hindering dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in the mornings and evenings during autumn and winter. Increased ventilation in homes is advisable, and the use of air purifiers can offer localized relief. Public health advisories are crucial during periods of elevated pollution, informing residents about potential health risks and recommending precautionary measures.