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Beaufort, South Carolina, is a coastal city nestled in the Lowcountry region, a geographically unique area characterized by flat, low-lying terrain and a complex network of tidal marshes and barrier islands. Situated at 32.4597° N, -80.7235° W, the city’s elevation averages only around 10 feet above sea level, making it particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges. The city straddles Port Royal Island, and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean significantly influences its climate and air quality. Beaufort is positioned within a transition zone between maritime and humid subtropical climates. Historically, the region’s economy was heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly sea island cotton, and naval stores. While agriculture has declined, its legacy remains in land use patterns. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with significant undeveloped land surrounding the city, including extensive forests and wetlands. This proximity to natural landscapes can offer some buffering capacity against pollutants, but also means the area is susceptible to long-range transport of pollutants from upwind sources. The Port of Port Royal, while not a massive industrial hub, contributes to localized shipping emissions. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest, can carry pollutants from inland areas, while easterly winds bring in marine influences, including sea salt aerosols which can affect particulate matter composition.

Beaufort’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees moderate pollution levels as temperatures rise and vegetation begins to release biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), contributing to ozone formation, particularly on sunny, stagnant days. Summer (June-August) is typically the period of highest ozone concentrations, exacerbated by high temperatures, humidity, and strong sunlight. Sea breezes can offer some relief, but can also trap pollutants near the coast. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and sunlight decreases. This is often the most pleasant time for outdoor activities. However, the risk of wildfires increases in surrounding areas, potentially leading to periods of elevated particulate matter. Winter (December-February) generally experiences the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds dispersing pollutants. Temperature inversions, though infrequent, can occur, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during summer ozone events and any periods of wildfire smoke. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity on high-ozone days is advisable.