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Chilonga, nestled within the Muchinga Province of Zambia, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s eastern region. Located at approximately -12.0244° latitude and 31.3364° longitude, the town sits on a gently undulating plateau, characteristic of the Muchinga Escarpment. This escarpment marks a dramatic change in elevation, separating the relatively flat Zambezi Valley to the north from the higher-lying plateau regions. Chilonga’s elevation, while not exceptionally high, contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by agricultural land, with small-scale farming being a vital economic activity. Maize cultivation is prevalent, alongside other crops, and agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue, can contribute to localized air pollution events. The urban–rural gradient around Chilonga is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, transitioning quickly into rural agricultural areas. While Chilonga is not directly adjacent to any major rivers or lakes, it draws water from groundwater sources and seasonal streams, influencing local humidity levels. The absence of significant industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor, however, regional transport routes passing through Chilonga can introduce pollutants from vehicular emissions. The plateau’s topography and prevailing wind patterns play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles, impacting the town’s overall air quality.

Chilonga’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Zambia’s tropical climate, characterized by a pronounced wet and dry season. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, often sees a gradual increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to the prevalence of dust storms, exacerbated by drier soil conditions and agricultural activities like land clearing. The lack of rainfall during this period also reduces the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the mornings. The wet season, from November to April, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and increases humidity, which can help to settle dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from saturated soils. Fog, a common occurrence during the cooler, drier months, can significantly reduce visibility and concentrate pollutants. During the transition months (April/May and September/October), Chilonga experiences periods of high wind variability, which can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on wind direction and strength. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of dust storms or fog. Limiting outdoor exertion during the early morning hours when temperature inversions are most likely to occur is also advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can further mitigate potential health impacts.