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Mpika, nestled within Zambia’s Muchinga Province, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately -11.8300 latitude and 31.4600 longitude. The town’s setting is defined by the undulating terrain of the Muchinga Escarpment, a dramatic geological feature marking the transition between the Zambian Plateau and the lower-lying valleys to the east. Elevation plays a crucial role; Mpika sits at an altitude of around 1,680 meters (5,512 feet) above sea level, influencing temperature patterns and atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by miombo woodland, a vast savanna ecosystem supporting agriculture and providing a natural filter for some pollutants. To the east, the terrain descends into the Luangwa Valley, a region known for its agricultural activity, particularly maize cultivation, which can contribute to localized dust and biomass burning during planting and harvesting seasons. The town’s urban footprint is relatively small, exhibiting a clear urban–rural gradient as it expands outwards. While Mpika itself is a modest commercial hub, its proximity to agricultural zones means that agricultural practices and associated activities, such as fertilizer application and livestock rearing, can impact local air quality. The absence of major industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor, though transportation – primarily by road – contributes to particulate matter. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast, influence the dispersal of any pollutants generated within the town and surrounding areas, impacting air quality downwind. The relatively dry climate, typical of the region, can exacerbate dust issues, particularly during the dry season.

Mpika’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to drier soils, increasing the prevalence of fugitive dust from agricultural fields, unpaved roads, and construction activities. Wind patterns during this period, often stronger and more consistent, can lift and transport this dust over considerable distances. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating localized air quality issues. The burning of agricultural residues after harvest, a common practice, contributes significantly to particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings relief. Increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity reduces dust generation. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from saturated soils. Fog, particularly in the early mornings, can also trap pollutants, creating short-lived episodes of reduced visibility and potentially impacting air quality. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the wet season, particularly during the months of December, January, and February. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, especially on windy days or when agricultural burning is occurring. Minimizing exposure to dust and smoke is crucial during these periods.