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Bou Hanifia el Hamamat, nestled within the Mascara State of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the northwestern region of the country. Located at approximately 35.3167° latitude and -0.0500° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape, part of the broader Tell Atlas foothills. This placement influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive olive groves and cereal fields dominating the rural areas immediately outside the city limits. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. Bou Hanifia el Hamamat sits relatively close to the Chelif River, though its direct impact on the city’s microclimate is limited due to the distance and intervening terrain. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural land giving way to residential areas and small-scale industrial zones within the city itself. The elevation, though modest, contributes to localized temperature inversions, especially during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The city’s proximity to larger industrial belts further east, while not immediately adjacent, means that pollutants can be transported by prevailing winds, impacting air quality. The regional climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, further shapes the city’s atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion.

Bou Hanifia el Hamamat experiences a distinct seasonal pattern in its air quality, largely dictated by meteorological conditions. During the hot, dry summer months (June-August), stagnant air masses and high temperatures often lead to a build-up of pollutants, particularly those emitted from agricultural practices and any localized industrial activity. The lack of significant rainfall and infrequent wind events exacerbate this issue, creating conditions ripe for particulate matter accumulation. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as winds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively, but agricultural burning associated with harvest preparation can temporarily degrade air quality. Winter (December-February) presents a more complex scenario. While cooler temperatures generally reduce emissions from certain sources, the increased frequency of temperature inversions traps pollutants near the ground, potentially leading to periods of poor air quality. Fog, common during these months, further restricts dispersion. Spring (March-May) typically offers the best air quality, with increased wind speeds and rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air or fog. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of potential exposure to dust and smoke during harvest season. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and minimizing exposure during peak pollution episodes is crucial for protecting public health.