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Mascara, a city nestled in western Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahara Desert’s fringe. Located at approximately 35.4°N, 0.2°E, its coordinates place it on a relatively flat expanse, part of the Tell Atlas foothills, with an elevation of around 330 meters above sea level. The surrounding landscape is dominated by arid plains and semi-desert scrubland, gradually transitioning into the vast Sahara to the south. This proximity to the desert significantly influences Mascara’s air quality, contributing to dust intrusion events. The city sits near the Chelif River, though its influence on local air quality is limited due to the river's generally low flow and the distance from the urban core. Mascara’s regional position is crucial; it lies along a historical trade route and is experiencing gradual urban expansion, impacting the urban–rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing, particularly dates and olives, which can contribute to localized emissions. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Sahara, carry fine particulate matter, impacting visibility and respiratory health. The relatively flat terrain, combined with the lack of significant topographic barriers, can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The city’s urban character is characterized by a mix of traditional architecture and modern development, with residential areas interspersed with commercial and administrative buildings, all contributing to a complex urban heat island effect that can influence atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion.

Mascara’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Saharan proximity and Mediterranean climate influences. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations due to increased dust storms originating from the Sahara. These events, driven by strong winds and dry conditions, can significantly reduce visibility and impact respiratory health, particularly for children and the elderly. Summer (June-August) typically brings calmer conditions, with higher temperatures and reduced dust intrusion, though the urban heat island effect can contribute to elevated ozone levels during the hottest days. The dry, stable air masses characteristic of summer can also trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period, with a gradual increase in wind speeds and a return of dust events, though generally less intense than in spring. Winter (December-February) is generally the most favourable season for air quality, with cooler temperatures, increased precipitation (though still relatively low), and more frequent wind patterns that help disperse pollutants. However, periods of cold, clear weather can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground and creating localized air quality issues. Fog, though infrequent, can also exacerbate these conditions. Sensitive groups, including individuals with respiratory conditions, young children, and the elderly, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of high dust or stagnant air, particularly during spring and summer. Staying indoors with air filtration can provide some relief. Public health advisories are crucial during dust storm events to minimize exposure.