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Maoussa, nestled within the Mascara province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s northwest. Located at coordinates 35.3833°N, 0.2500°E, the city sits amidst the Tell Atlas mountain range, a region characterised by rolling hills and fertile plains. The terrain is undulating, influencing local wind patterns and creating microclimates. Maoussa’s elevation, approximately 800 meters above sea level, contributes to cooler temperatures compared to coastal areas, but also increases the potential for temperature inversions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with olive groves, vineyards, and cereal crops dominating the rural areas immediately bordering the urban centre. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated residential areas to open farmland. Maoussa isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but benefits from seasonal rainfall and groundwater resources. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller-scale industrial activity and the reliance on diesel-powered transport contribute to localised pollution. The city’s position within a valley can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of calm weather.

Maoussa experiences a Mediterranean climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) often brings improved air quality due to increased rainfall which effectively scrubs the atmosphere of pollutants. However, temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping emissions near ground level, particularly from residential heating using wood and charcoal. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in agricultural activity, leading to a rise in dust and particulate matter from land preparation. The dry, windy conditions can exacerbate this. Summer (June-August) is typically the driest period, with high temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions. This can lead to a build-up of ozone and other photochemical pollutants, especially in areas with vehicle traffic. Autumn (September-November) marks the harvest season, with agricultural burning contributing to spikes in particulate matter. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions and the elderly, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. Months to favour for outdoor activity are generally December to February, provided inversion conditions aren’t severe. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from surrounding agricultural areas into the city.