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Sidi Abd el Moumene, nestled within the Mascara province of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s northwest. Located at coordinates 35.6528°N, 0.0139°E, the city is situated on a plateau within the Tell Atlas mountain range, a landscape characterised by rolling hills and fertile plains. This elevation, approximately 800-900 meters above sea level, influences local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with olive groves and cereal crops dominating the landscape, interspersed with smaller areas of semi-natural vegetation. The city’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, roughly 60km to the north, introduces maritime influences, though these are moderated by the mountainous barrier. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Mascara province does experience some industrial activity related to food processing and light manufacturing, potentially contributing to localised pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means agricultural practices, including seasonal burning of crop residue, can significantly impact local air quality. The city’s morphology, typical of Algerian settlements, features a dense core with outward expansion, influencing ventilation and pollutant dispersion.

Sidi Abd el Moumene experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, profoundly impacting air quality. Pollution levels generally peak during the summer months (June-August) due to increased temperatures promoting photochemical smog formation from vehicle emissions and industrial activity. Stagnant air masses and temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground. The dry conditions also exacerbate dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, washing away particulate matter. Winter (December-February) brings the cleanest air, with higher precipitation and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, domestic heating using wood and charcoal can contribute to localised spikes in particulate matter, particularly in lower-income neighbourhoods. Spring (March-May) is a transitional period, with increasing temperatures and agricultural activity leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during summer afternoons and periods of calm weather. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can accumulate in valleys and sheltered areas. Avoiding outdoor exercise near agricultural areas during burning season is also advisable.