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Aïn Tedeles, nestled within the Mostaganem State of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coast. Located at approximately 35.9947° N, 0.2956° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape transitioning from coastal plains to the foothills of the Tell Atlas Mountains. This proximity to the mountains creates a localized rain shadow effect, influencing precipitation patterns and contributing to a drier microclimate compared to areas further inland. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to olive groves and cereal cultivation, interspersed with pockets of maquis shrubland typical of the Mediterranean region. Aïn Tedeles benefits from its adjacency to the Mediterranean Sea, approximately 10 kilometers to the north, which moderates temperatures and introduces a maritime influence on local weather systems. However, this proximity also means the city is susceptible to sea salt intrusion and coastal breezes carrying pollutants from industrial activity along the coastline. The urban–rural gradient around Aïn Tedeles is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural communities blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. The city’s regional position, within a moderately industrialized zone of Algeria, means it is potentially affected by emissions from nearby industrial belts, particularly those related to oil refining and petrochemical processing, although the direct impact is currently considered moderate. The elevation, averaging around 20 meters above sea level, further influences air circulation patterns, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Aïn Tedeles experiences a Mediterranean climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. The dry summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions. The lack of precipitation and reduced wind speeds often result in the accumulation of pollutants, particularly those emitted from agricultural practices (dust from plowing, pesticide drift) and occasional industrial releases. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap cooler air near the ground, further exacerbating pollution levels. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) generally offer improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and occasional rainfall, which help disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can contribute to localized spikes in particulate matter during these transitional periods. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, which typically leads to cleaner air. Fog, however, can occasionally form, trapping pollutants close to the ground and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months, limiting outdoor activity during peak heat and pollution periods. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural burning events. While winter generally offers better air quality, fog events necessitate temporary restrictions on strenuous outdoor exercise.